ABSTRACT
Abstract Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax have evolved with host switches between non-human primates (NHPs) and humans. Studies on the infection dynamics of Plasmodium species in NHPs will improve our understanding of the evolution of these parasites; however, such studies are hampered by the difficulty of handling animals in the field. The aim of this study was to detect genomic DNA of Plasmodium species from the faeces of New World monkeys. Faecal samples from 23 Alouatta clamitans from the Centre for Biological Research of Indaial (Santa Catarina, Brazil) were collected. Extracted DNA from faecal samples was used for molecular diagnosis of malaria by nested polymerase chain reaction. One natural infection with Plasmodium simium was identified by amplification of DNA extracted from the faeces of A. clamitans. Extracted DNA from a captive NHP was also used for parasite genotyping. The detection limit of the technique was evaluated in vitro using an artificial mixture of cultured P. falciparum in NHP faeces and determined to be 6.5 parasites/µL. Faecal samples of New World primates can be used to detect malaria infections in field surveys and also to monitor the genetic variability of parasites and dynamics of infection.
Subject(s)
Animals , Alouatta/parasitology , DNA, Protozoan/genetics , Malaria/veterinary , Monkey Diseases/parasitology , Plasmodium/isolation & purification , Brazil , Feces , Genotype , Malaria/parasitology , Plasmodium/classificationABSTRACT
Blood infection by the simian parasite, Plasmodium simium, was identified in captive (n = 45, 4.4%) and in wild Alouatta clamitans monkeys (n = 20, 35%) from the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. A single malaria infection was symptomatic and the monkey presented clinical and haematological alterations. A high frequency of Plasmodium vivax-specific antibodies was detected among these monkeys, with 87% of the monkeys testing positive against P. vivax antigens. These findings highlight the possibility of malaria as a zoonosis in the remaining Atlantic Forest and its impact on the epidemiology of the disease.
Subject(s)
Animals , Alouatta/parasitology , Malaria/veterinary , Monkey Diseases/epidemiology , Plasmodium/classification , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Brazil/epidemiology , Forests , Malaria/epidemiology , Malaria/parasitology , Monkey Diseases/parasitology , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Extra group copulations are rarely observed among the Alouatta genus, which lives in a fragmented area in Brazil. Here, we describe the second extra group copulation in A. caraya in literature, which was the first from Brazil. This happened in the southeast urban island forest, which measures 25 ha. In this forest there are two troops: one of them with thirteen howlers and the other with four. These howlers may be extinct in a few years since in the region there is only 3.89 % of native forests and high anthropic action due to agribusiness. We discuss the possible issues that led to the extra group copulation.
Cópulas extra grupo raramente são observados em animais do gênero Alouatta, que vivem em áreas fragmentadas do Brasil. Aqui, descrevemos a segunda cópula extra grupo em A. caraya na literatura, que foi a primeira do Brasil. Isso aconteceu na floresta ilha urbana sudeste, que mede 25 ha. Nesta floresta existem dois bandos: um deles com treze bugios e o outro com quatro. Estes bugios podem ser extintos em poucos anos, uma vez que na região há apenas 3,89% de florestas nativas e alta ação antrópica, devido ao agronegócio. Nós discutimos os possíveis aspectos que levaram à cópula extra grupo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Atelidae/psychology , Copulation , BrazilABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol, triglicerídeos e lipídeos totais após terapia por ultra-som pulsado de 3 MHz, em ratas Wistar. As ratas foram divididas em grupo experimental e placebo e subdivididas conforme o tempo de retirada do sangue. O ultra-som foi aplicado na região abdominal, com potência de 1 W/cm2 e 2 min/cm2 ou com o aparelho desligado, respectivamente. Os níveis de colesterol foram significativamente (p < 0,05) superiores no grupo ultra-som imediatamente e 30 minutos após uma sessão e após dez sessões. As concentrações de lipídeos totais foram significativamente (p < 0,05) superiores imediatamente, 10 e 30 minutos após uma sessão e (p < 0,01) após dez sessões. Triglicerídeos séricos diminuíram significativamente no grupo ultra-som após dez sessões. As concentrações de triglicerídeos e lipídeos totais foram inversamente proporcionais após uma e dez sessões de ultra-som. Conclui-se que o ultra-som atua na liberação e quebra de gordura para o plasma sanguíneo após uma e dez sessões de terapia.
The purpose of this study was to verify plasmatic concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids in Wistar rats after 3 MHz pulsed ultrasound therapy. Rats were divided into experimental and placebo groups and subdivided depending on the blood collecting time. Ultrasound was applied in abdominal area at 1 W/cm2 potency and 2 min/cm2 or with the equipment off, respectively. Cholesterol levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in ultrasound group immediately and 30 minutes after one and ten sessions. Total lipids concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) immediately, 10 and 30 minutes after one session and (p < 0.01) after ten sessions. Serum triglycerides decreased significantly in the ultrasound group after ten sessions. It was observed that triglycerides and total lipid concentrations were in inverse proportion after the first and the tenth session of ultrasound. Thus, it was concluded that ultrasound act on fat release and the break down of fat to blood plasma after one and ten sessions of therapy.
Subject(s)
Cholesterol , Comparative Study , Lipids/adverse effects , Plasma , Triglycerides/analysis , Triglycerides/adverse effects , Ultrasonics , RatsABSTRACT
Este artigo descreve o primeiro relato de parasitismo por Bertiella mucronata (Cestoda-Anoplocephalidae) em primata não humano brasileiro, da subespécie Alouatta guariba clamitans (Cabrera, 1940) (Primates: Atelidae), no estado de Santa Catrina. Animais de ambiente natural, provindos de três municípios diferentes da região do Vale do Rio Itajaí-Açu, estavam parasitados. São também descritas a prevalência e a eliminação diária de proglotes nas fezes de 28 bugios ruivos cativos. Alerta-se para a possibilidade de ocorrer bertielose humana na região. Para evitar a introdução deste parasito em áreas indenes, a investigação desta parasitose deve ser realizada sempre em avaliações sanitárias de espécimes de bugios ruivos suscetíveis de serem submetidos a processos de translocação e reintrodução.
Subject(s)
Animals , Sanitary Management , Alouatta , Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology , Environment , Zoonoses , Brazil/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Amostras de fezes de bugios-ruivos cativos foram investigadas quanto a presença de Salmonella sp. e Shigella sp. O padrão de sensibilidade a antibióticos foi testado. Este é o primeiro relato de infecção assintomática por Salmonella sp. nesta espécie. Não foi detectada infecção por Shigella sp. Destaca-se a importância de investigação em animais submetidos a translocação ou a reintrodução e a necessidade de inquéritos periódicos em populações cativas a fim de se evitar agravos ocupacionais.
Fecal samples of captive souther brown howler monkeys were screened for the presence of Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. The sensibility for antibiotics was also measured. This is the first report of asymptomatic infection by Salmonella sp. in this specie. Shigella sp. infection was not detected. Screening for this bacteria should be performed during translocation and reintroduction programs. We recommend periodic investigations to prevent occupational hazard on captivity.